James tunstead burtchaell biography of martin luther

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&#;We are now blessed at Fordham by having no laymen on the faculty.&#; So wrote a correspondent in to Woodstock Letters, the in-house quarterly news-and-history magazine of the American Jesuits.

Things were simpler then.

Fordham, a century later one of the American church&#;s largest universities, had in the s -- including a high school and grammar school -- fewer than students. Nearly all were obedient but occasionally restless Catholics; daily Mass and monthly Communion were the law; in May the cadet corps fired volleys in honor of the Queen of Heaven; and there were enough Jesuits to teach all the classes, conduct philosophy disputations in Latin, proctor the dormitories, supervise the study hall and dining room and take the boys on mile walks on Thursdays.

Rather than being unique to the Catholic colleges, this order of the day was shared in many ways by Catholic and Protestant colleges throughout the 19th-centur